废弃蘑菇基料用作蚕沙好氧堆肥调理剂的试验

为探讨以养蚕生产大宗副产物蚕沙制造养分丰富的有机肥料技术,直接采用含有约10%桑枝和5%桑叶的蚕沙为主要原料,以废弃蘑菇基料作为调理剂进行好氧堆肥,研究蘑菇基料的不同添加比例对蚕沙好氧堆肥腐熟条件中的温度、pH、含水率等因素以及堆肥中养分的影响。用90%蚕沙+10%蘑菇基料(处理1)、75%蚕沙+25%蘑菇基料(处理2)、100%蚕沙(对照)制造堆肥,均可在6 h达到最高温度(分别为64.4、66.0、68.3℃),但处理1组的高温持续时间较短,处理2组和对照组的高温持续时间在5 d以上,达到无害化卫生标准规定。处理1组和对照组堆肥中的含水率较高,处理2组可降低堆肥中的含水率及pH。从堆肥中的养分来看,各处理均可增加堆肥中的磷、钾含量,但处理1组和对照组均存在氮素损失(分别下降0.62%、5.84%)的问题,而处理2组由于降低了堆肥的pH,因此比初始状态增加4.19%的氮素含量。综合以上试验结果认为,在蚕沙堆肥过程中添加25%的废弃蘑菇基料有利于改善堆肥的反应条件,提高堆肥的氮素养分含量。     

高效液相色谱法研究牛乳源耐药金黄色葡萄球菌对环丙沙星的蓄积作用

近年来研究发现,金黄色葡萄球菌的NorA、NorB和NorC外排泵蛋白介导对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药.本文采用临床分离的牛乳源环丙沙星耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌,通过建立的高效液相色谱法(HPLC-FLD),测定了临床分离的耐药、敏感菌及金黄色葡萄球菌标准菌株ATCC 29213对环丙沙星积聚量的差异,为临床检测通过外排泵介导的氟喹诺酮类药物耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌提供了方法学上的依据.     

宁夏盐池草地典型群落枯落物与土壤和水热的关系

摘要：利用原位观测法及分解袋埋放法对宁夏盐池县草地生态系统典型群落枯落物进行研究,得到以下结果,1）试验地冰草（Agropyron cristatum）、甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）、沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)枯落物蓄积月动态与月降水量、均温没有显著相关性,4种枯落物蓄积量10月达最大值,且月波动变异系数较高,为71.77%~107.91%;2）各典型群落枯落物含水量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;3）各典型群落枯落物的分解能引起土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的变化,但是对土壤全磷、全钾的影响不明显。     

GA3对葡萄果实淀粉积累及代谢相关酶活性的影响

以3a生全球红葡萄为试材,研究了用不同浓度的赤霉素（GA₃）在花前、花后2次处理葡萄果穗后,测定其对葡萄果实淀粉积累规律以及淀粉代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明:GA₃处理增加了葡萄果实可溶性糖积累速率,蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性增加,以20mg/L GA₃处理最为显著;经GA₃处理的果实前期淀粉含量有不同程度的增加,总淀粉酶、α-淀粉酶活性增大,而对β-淀粉酶无明显影响。因此,GA₃与淀粉积累调控机理之间存在密切的联系。     

莼菜资源利用研究综述及展望

通过分析莼菜的生物学特性、营养特性,对莼菜在营养保健、医学价值、治理污水、净化水质方面的研究现状进行了综述,并对今后的研究方向提出了展望,以期为人们综合利用莼菜资源、为莼菜的深加工应用提供科学依据。     

毛头鬼伞子实体对重金属元素的富集特性

通过对毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)产区中原辅材料中铅(Hg)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Pb)4种重金属含量的检测和使用添加不同浓度重金属栽培材料的栽培试验,分析栽培原辅料中重金属含量对子实体中重金属含量的影响,为毛头鬼伞的安全生产提供参考。试验结果表明,除水之外的13个测试原辅材料样品中均含一定量的重金属元素;子实体中的重金属含量随着栽培材料中重金属元素含量的增加而呈上升趋势,子实体对覆土和对栽培基质中4种重金属元素的富集强弱分别为Hg>Cd>As>Pb和Hg>Cd>Pb>As,其中对覆土和栽培基质中重金属汞分别表现较弱和一定的富集作用。     

Responses of leaf photosynthesis and plant growth to altered source–sink balance in a Japanese and a Dutch tomato cultivar

We investigated the effects of altered source/sink ratio by leaf or fruit pruning on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and whole-plant growth of ‘Momotaro York’, a Japanese cultivar, and ‘Dundee’, a Dutch cultivar and verified a hypothesis for sink-limitation of plant growth proposed by Tanaka and Fujita (1974). Plants were grown hydroponically with a high-wire system in a greenhouse for 11 weeks. Light-saturated photosynthesis of young, fully expanded leaves measured at atmospheric CO₂ partial pressure of 37 Pa and at an intercellular CO₂ partial pressure of 20 Pa was not influenced by alteration of source/sink ratio for either cultivar. Although soluble sugars were accumulated in leaves under high source/sink conditions, the amount of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, a rate-limiting factor for CO₂-limited photosynthesis, was not affected by the altered source–sink balance. Net assimilation rate of a whole plant increased with decreasing source/sink ratio, but this can be accounted for by the changes in light interception per unit leaf area, without taking the source–sink relationship into consideration. It was concluded that the altered source/sink ratio did not change leaf photosynthetic capacity and the sink-limitation hypothesis cannot be applied to either cultivar under the conditions of the present study.     

Indole acetic acid differently changes growth and nitrogen metabolism in Pisum sativum L. seedlings under chromium (VI) phytotoxicity: Implication of oxidative stress

The present study investigated impact of exogenous application of indole acetic acid (IAA; 10 and 100 μM) in pea seedlings under hexavalent chromium (Cr VI; 50, 100 and 250 μM). Cr and 100 μM IAA alone as well as in combination decreased seed germination rate compared to control. However, under Cr phytotoxicity, addition of 10 μM IAA recovered seed germination rate to the level of control. Exposure of pea seedlings to Cr and 100 μM IAA during their early stage caused decrease in fresh mass, length, protein and nitrogen contents of roots and shoots compared to control. Treatment of pea seedlings with Cr resulted in a rapid accumulation of this metal in roots and shoots. Moreover, addition of 100 μM IAA together with Cr, further increased accumulation of this metal in roots and shoots compared to Cr treatments alone. Treatment of pea seedlings with Cr and 100 μM IAA, resulted in a marked decrease in nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities (except 50 μM Cr alone for GOGAT), and an increase in ammonium content and glutamate dehydrogenase activity. Parameters related with oxidative stress, i.e. superoxide radicals and reactive carbonyl groups (protein oxidation) were increased by Cr and 100 μM IAA compared to control. By contrast, addition of 10 μM IAA together with Cr, alleviated negative effect of Cr on growth, protein, nitrogen and nitrogen metabolism, and led to decrease in oxidative injuries caused by Cr. The data indicate that 10 μM IAA protects pea seedlings during the early growth period against Cr phytotoxicity by regulating Cr accumulation and oxidative damage. However, addition of 100 μM IAA together with Cr showed opposite responses.     

Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types

The chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), oak (Quercus robur) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) were determined for 26 sites grouped into high fertility (HF) and low fertility (LF) soils according to base saturation and N-mineralization potentials. Measurements were made of total carbon, acid detergent fibre (ADF), Klason lignin, holo-cellulose, sugar constituents of hemicellulose and phenylpropanoid derivatives of lignin, and nutrient concentrations (N, Ca, P, Mg, K and Mn). Leaf and litter constituents varied within and between species according to soil groups, but beech showed contrasting responses to oak and chestnut. Beech leaves had lower ADF, lignin and cellulose on HF soils than LF soils, whereas oak and chestnut leaves had higher ADF, lignin and cellulose on HF than the LF soils. Conversely, the same constituents in beech leaf litter were higher on HF soils than LF soils, but lower in oak and chestnut leaf litter on HF soils than LF soils. The phenylpropanoid derivatives of lignin and sugar constituents of hemicellulose also showed similar variations in relation to soil groups with contrasting patterns for in leaves and litters. Re-absorption of N from leaves before litter fall was negatively correlated with soil N mineralization potential for beech (highest on LF soils) but showed an unexpected, positive relationship for oak and chestnut (highest on HF soils). These intra-specific differences of leaf and litter chemistry in relation to soil fertility status are unprecedented and largely unexplained. The observed patterns reflect phenotypic responses to soil type that result in continuum of litter quality, within and between tree species, that have been shown in related studies to significantly influence litter decomposition rates.     

Leaf-litter decomposition of 15 tree species in a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak: dynamics of carbon,nutrients, and organic constituents

The effects of tree species on the dynamics of nutrient transformations during leaf-litter decomposition are not well understood in tropical rain forests. To examine differences in the dynamics of C, nutrients, and organic constituents during decomposition among tree species, the leaf-litter decomposition of 15 trees was assessed using a litter-bag method in a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak. The dynamics of C was parallel to that of weight loss. The dynamics of nutrients were grouped into three patterns. The dynamics of K was characterized by a high leaching loss in the initial stages, and that of Ca and Mg generally showed a gradual decrease over the course of decomposition. The dynamics of N and P showed highly different patterns with the weight loss, and was characterized by relatively higher remaining mass at the end of the experiment. The variations or exceptions of nutrient dynamics among tree species were considered to be related to the initial concentration of each nutrient. For the dynamics of organic constituents, water-soluble carbohydrates disappeared quickly at the initial stages, and acid-soluble carbohydrates were the second fastest decomposing fraction; the decomposition of acid-insoluble residue (AIS) was the slowest. The release of limiting nutrients (N and P) generally followed the disappearance of AIS, but was independent of the disappearance of AIS when the initial concentrations of these nutrients were very low.